Holy Trinity and Councils

The Ecumenial Councils

Council of Nicene

  • Date: 325 AD
  • Who: Arius, priest in Alexandria
  • Why: The Father & Son are not equal, the Son of a less degree than the Father
  • Attendees: 318 Bisops
  • Result: The Creed was created
  • Heresies: denied the divinity of Jesus christ
The Egyptian church excommunicated Arius, he complained to the ... Athanasius (great defender of faith) accompanied Pope Alexander

Council of Constantinople

  • Date: 381 AD
  • Who: Apolinarius, Syballius and Macedonius Patriarch of Constantinople
  • Why: Apolinarius heresy was that GOD evolved in 3 different...e, didn’t co-exist, lower in nature (macedonius and Syballius)
  • Attendees: 150 Bishops
  • Result: The last part of the Creed was created "Truly we believe in the Holy Spirit"
  • Heresies: denied the divinity of the holy spirit
Explained that the 3 hypostasis co-existed and the ... transfiguration of our Lord Jesus Christ AT the SAME MOMENT.

1st Council of Ephesus

  • Date: 431 AD
  • Who: Nostorious Patriarch of Constantinople
  • Why: St. Mary gave birth to a man and then God abode in him
  • Attendees: 200 Bishops / Leader St. Cyril Pope of Alexandria
  • Result: "We Exalt You the Mother of the True Light"
  • Heresies: Pelagianism — a 5th-century heresy named after Pelagius
Nestorios called for it to denounce Pope Cyril but the opposite happened.

2nd Council of Ephesus

  • Date: 449 AD
  • Who: Eutyches, Archimandrite of a monastery in Constantinople
  • Why: Claimed Christ’s manhood was lost in His divinity; bishops of Constantinople disagreed
  • Attendees: King Theodosius, Pope Dioscorus & 20+ Egyptian Bishops
  • Result: Eutyches was restored and supported by the Coptic Church
  • Heresies: His divinity parted not from His humanity — without mingling or alteration
Pope of Rome did not attend. Political tension grew, leading to Chalcedon.

Council of Chalcedon

  • Date: 451 AD
  • Who: Empress Pulcheria & Pope Leo
  • Why: Political motives; restore power and rehabilitate bishops
  • Attendees: 300–600 (disputed)
  • Result: Pope Dioscorus was excommunicated by Eastern churches
Council opposed Dioscorus; resulted in the division between Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox.
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